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Generation 8 Modules

u-blox Generation 8 Modules can be configured with the u-center software.

There are 2 main height systems used in New Zealand, with normal-orthometric being the most common. This takes into account the quasigeoid and the influence of gravity to support accurate elevation measurements.

Survey-accurate digital cadastre (SDC) status marks in Landonline meet the accuracy standards in relation to the digital position of the marks that surround it.

New Zealand Vertical Datum 2016 (NZVD2016) heights can be obtained anywhere in New Zealand, including the offshore islands. Published NZVD2016 heights are available in Landonline and the Geodetic Database. Calculated heights can be derived from GNSS (global navigation satellite system) observations. Transferred heights can be obtained using traditional heighting techniques.

Clear and complete referencing of coordinates is important because ongoing movement can mean that they change several times after an earthquake.

The reference surface for New Zealand Vertical Datum 2016 (NZVD2016) is New Zealand Quasigeoid 2016 (NZGeoid2016). NZGeoid2016 is a gravity derived model, which can be used to determine NZVD2016 heights anywhere in New Zealand and its offshore islands.

Selected presentations relating to geodesy in New Zealand by staff from Toitū Te Whenua.

The physical part of New Zealand’s geodetic system is a network of geodetic marks that are used as reference points for surveys.

Vertical datums define a reference surface for measuring elevations and depths, ensuring consistency in height measurements.

Meridional circuits divide the country into a set of survey regions, used to define a local projection for mapping purposes. The Cadastral Survey Rules 2021 require that the NZGD2000 (New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000) Transverse Mercator 2000 Meridional Circuit projections are used for cadastral surveyors.

The North Island Yard Grid and South Island Yard Grid were the projections for the 1:63,360 (inch-to-the-mile) topographic mapping in New Zealand between 1942 and 1973.

Projections are used to transform a curved surface into a flat map, making locations easier to define. There are 5 official map projections currently used in New Zealand, and 4 that are no longer used.

Coordinate and height accuracy values categorised in 3 ways: network accuracy is described by its tier, local accuracy is described by class, and combined accuracy is its order.

The Ross Sea Region Geodetic Datum 2000 (RSRGD2000) is the official geodetic datum used to define positions for the Ross Sea region of Antarctica.

The mathematical parameters and equations used to convert geodetic datum coordinates to and from a transverse Mercator projection.

Projections are selected so that they best represent an area of the globe on a flat surface. There are separate projections for McMurdo Sound, Borchgrevink Coast, Pennell Coast, and the Ross Sea.

Examples of the transformations between different vertical datums and height systems.

Guidance and examples for the transformation of heights between vertical datums.

Coordinates can be transformed between New Zealand Geodetic Datum 1949 (NZGD1949) and New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 (NZGD2000) using 3-parameter similarity, 7-parameter similarity or distortion grid transformations.

A geoid is a reference surface that represents a global sea level. It is derived from gravity so is sensitive to changes in the shape of the Earth, but studies following the Kaikōura earthquake of 2016 show that these impacts are likely to be minor.

This documentation provides instructions for configuring Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to use the SouthPAN Open Services.

R1

The Trimble R1 can be configured with the Trimble GNSS Status application for Android, Apple and Windows devices.

Find the standards, as well as explanatory factsheets, which define the requirements of New Zealand’s geodetic system.

Selected papers relating to geodesy in New Zealand which have been published by Toitū Te Whenua.

Geoids represent a hypothetical global sea level as it would be shaped by gravity if oceans could flow unobstructed though land. New Zealand’s official geoid, New Zealand Quasigeoid 2016 (NZGeoid2016), is commonly used in New Zealand, and its predecessor, New Zealand Quasigeoid 2009 (NZGeoid2009), was used before this. Several other geoids and global gravity models are also commonly referenced in New Zealand.

The reference surface for New Zealand Vertical Datum 2009 (NZVD2009) was New Zealand Quasigeoid 2009 (NZGeoid2009). NZGeoid2009 has been superseded by New Zealand Quasigeoid Geoid2016 (NZGeoid2016) and New Zealand Vertical Datum 2016 (NZVD20016) in July 2016.

The reference surface for New Zealand Vertical Datum 2009 (NZVD2009) was New Zealand Quasigeoid 2009 (NZGeoid2009). NZGeoid2009 has been superseded by New Zealand Quasigeoid Geoid2016 (NZGeoid2016) and New Zealand Vertical Datum 2016 (NZVD20016) in July 2016.

Projections are selected so that they best represent an area on a flat surface. There are separate transverse Mercator projections for each of the following offshore islands: Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell Island / Motu Ihupuku, Chatham, Kermadec, Raoul and Snares Islands / Tini Heke Islands.

The Chatham Islands Transverse Mercator 1979 (CITM1979) used to be the projection for Topographic 1:50,000 and other small-scale mapping in the Chatham Islands. Chatham Islands Transverse Mercator 2000 (CITM2000) is now the official projection used in the Chatham

Until May 2010, geodetic coordinates were categorised using orders based on coordinate observation and survey significance. This framework was replaced in 2010 by the Standard for the Geospatial Accuracy Framework (LINZS25005) and Standard for Tiers, Classes and Orders of LINZ Data (LINZS25006).

The Rules for Cadastral Survey 2010 that came into effect on 24 May 2010 have different accuracy requirements to their predecessor Surveyor-General’s Rules for Cadastral Survey 2002/2.

A geodetic datum defines a reference framework for specifying locations on the Earth's surface. Two geodetic datums are currently used in New Zealand, and others have been used in the past.